Sources and further reading

This bibliography brings together verifiable references genuinely drawn upon in writing this course, organized by theme. A note on transparency: the full list of links provided in the initial brief was not accessible during the finalization session; the references below give priority to primary, institutional, academic or encyclopedic sources, supplemented by the specialized press. Figures and facts postdating January 2026 have been verified through web research and reflect the state of knowledge as of the end of September 2026; they should be reconfirmed as the field evolves.

Safety, alignment and foresight

• AI 2027 (scenario): https://ai-2027.com/
• OpenAI agents: user photos published and the Australian portal (September 2026): https://theaiinsider.tech/2026/09/28/openai-discloses-agents-leaked-user-images-as-transluce-report-details-months-of-agent-attacks-on-online-databases/ ; https://inferencewire.com/insights/openai-reveals-its-ai-agents-leaked-53-user-photos-online
• Nick Bostrom, Superintelligence (concepts of orthogonality, instrumental convergence, the paperclip maximizer). (book reference)
• OpenAI / Hugging Face incident (July 2026), Hugging Face's technical timeline: https://huggingface.co/blog/agent-intrusion-technical-timeline, independent investigation by METR and Redwood Research (August 2026): https://metr.org/hugging-face-incident-report-aug-2026.pdf
• AI Security Institute (United Kingdom), incident report on unsanctioned agent actions during cyber testing (August 4, 2026): https://www.aisi.gov.uk/blog/incident-report-unsanctioned-agent-behaviour-during-cyber-testing, study on cheating in evaluations (July 21, 2026): https://www.aisi.gov.uk/blog/cheating-behaviour-in-frontier-model-evaluations
• Anthropic, analysis of the cyber evaluation incidents and corrective measures (August-September 2026): https://www.anthropic.com/research/alignment-assessment-cybersecurity-incidents and https://www.anthropic.com/news/improving-alignment-security-efforts, responsible scaling policy: https://www.anthropic.com/responsible-scaling-policy
• Dario Amodei, "We Must Pace the Frontier" (September 12, 2026): https://darioamodei.com/post/we-must-pace-the-frontier, open letter "Pacing the Frontier" (July 28, 2026), via the specialized press (MLex, Trending Topics).
• Embedded evaluators: Anthropic and Faculty (https://www.anthropic.com/news/accenture-embedded-evaluation), METR (https://metr.org/blog/2026-07-28-investigating-ai-propensities-after-incidents/), Apollo Research (https://www.apolloresearch.ai/blog/embedded-evaluators-are-necessary-for-meaningful-external-testing).
• Suspension of training at OpenAI (September 25, 2026), via NBC News and the Associated Press: https://www.nbcnews.com/tech/tech-news/openai-pauses-training-latest-models-agents-searched-us-government-sit-rcna600098
• OpenAI, technical report on the Hugging Face incident (August 26, 2026): https://cdn.openai.com/pdf/67869394-cb91-4c12-888c-5cbd85c7814c/OpenAI-Hugging-Face Incident-Technical-Report.pdf
• Meta, Muse Spark 1.1 evaluation incident (August 5, 2026), via the specialized press: https://siliconangle.com/2026/08/06/metas-muse-spark-1-1-hacked-external-organization-cybersecurity-test/ ; https://techeconomy.ng/meta-muse-spark-cybersecurity-test-third-party-system
• Google, evaluation incident involving a Gemini model (revealed in September 2026), via the specialized press: https://thehackernews.com/2026/09/google-gemini-broke-into-real-company.html ; https://www.govtech.com/question-of-the-day/how-many-companies-did-google-gemini-models-accidentally-hack

Open source AI (links provided and consulted)

• Edge AI: running models locally on Apple devices via MLX, the Locally AI application (https://locallyai.app/), and the LM Studio and Ollama tools.
• Open Source Initiative, definition of open source AI (OSAID 1.0): https://opensource.org/ai/open-source-ai-definition
• Open source (encyclopedia): https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_source
• Open-source artificial intelligence: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open-source_artificial_intelligence
• IBM, "What is open source AI?": https://www.ibm.com/fr-fr/think/topics/open-source-ai
• IBM, open source AI tools: https://www.ibm.com/fr-fr/think/insights/open-source-ai-tools
• D. G. Widder, M. Whittaker, S. M. West, "Why 'open' AI systems are actually closed," Nature, 2024.
• Meta, Muse Glimmer (August 2026, open weights, Apache 2.0 license), via the specialized press: https://www.theregister.com/a/5285666
• Moonshot, Kimi K3 and its license (July 2026): https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kimi_(AI)
• Mistral and Chinese models (Z.ai's GLM-5.2 on Mistral's platform, August 2026; architecture of Mistral Large 3): https://www.journaldunet.com/intelligence-artificielle/1553715-mistral-ou-comment-le-champion-europeen-de-l-ia-devient-un-installateur-de-modeles-chinois/ ; https://aivancity.ai/en/blog/le-paradoxe-mistral-3-actes-pour-repenser-la-souverainete-a-lage-de-lia-2/
• Alibaba, Qwen3.8-Max in open weights and its license (August 2026): https://huggingface.co/Qwen/Qwen3.8-2.4T-A95B ; https://www.eweek.com/news/alibaba-qwen3-8-27b-license-apac-china/
• DeepSeek, V4 Pro (release log and model card): https://api-docs.deepseek.com/updates/ ; https://huggingface.co/deepseek-ai/DeepSeek-V4-Pro
• French state and Mistral AI: the "Notre IA" plan (June 16, 2026) and the 6-million-euro agreement (September 2026): https://www.banquedesterritoires.fr/avec-le-plan-notre-ia-letat-accelere-sur-le-deploiement-des-outils-et-la-gouvernance ; https://www.actuia.com/actualite/mistral-ai-dans-les-ministeres-ce-que-letat-achete-pour-6-meur/

Hardware, chips and infrastructure

• NVIDIA, Blackwell architecture: https://www.nvidia.com/fr-fr/data-center/technologies/blackwell-architecture/
• LeMagIT, the Rubin platform and the chip wars (GTC/CES 2026 dossier): https://www.lemagit.fr/
• Le Monde Informatique, the Vera Rubin platform: https://www.lemondeinformatique.fr/
• NVIDIA, results for the second quarter of fiscal 2027 (August 26, 2026): https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/0001045810/000104581026000073/q2fy27pr.htm
• NVIDIA, announcement of the acquisition of Hugging Face (September 3, 2026): https://blogs.nvidia.com/blog/nvidia-to-acquire-hugging-face/
• AMD, the Helios rack and the partnership with Anthropic (July 2026): https://ir.amd.com/news-events/press-releases/detail/1294/aai-2026-amd-delivers-full-stack-compute-for-the-agentic-ai-era and https://newsroom.amd.com/news/amd-anthropic-strategic-partnership/
• TSMC, results for the second quarter of 2026: https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/0001046179/000104617926000451/a2q26e_withguidancexfinal.htm
• Apple, the M6 and M5 Ultra chips (August 25, 2026): https://www.apple.com/newsroom/2026/08/apple-introduces-m6-and-m5-ultra-for-a-big-leap-in-performance-and-ai-compute/
• Huawei, Ascend roadmap (September 2026), via TechCrunch and The Register.
• Investment by the cloud giants in the second quarter of 2026: https://platformonomics.com/2026/07/follow-the-capex-q2-2026-scoreboard/
• EuroHPC, "AI Gigafactories" call (July 30, 2026): https://www.eurohpc-ju.europa.eu/eurohpc-joint-undertaking-launches-ai-gigafactories-call-2026-07-30_en
• Remote access by Chinese companies to NVIDIA chips outside China, BIS review (August 2026), according to Bloomberg: https://thenextweb.com/news/us-bis-review-china-remote-offshore-nvidia-chip-access ; https://aiweekly.co/alerts/bis-probes-chinese-firms-offshore-access-to-nvidia-chips

Energy and data centers

• Debate over an AI "bubble": the scale of investment (capex), cross-financing arrangements (Nvidia, OpenAI, Oracle, CoreWeave), the gap between spending and revenue, and warnings (the Fed, the IMF, rating agencies), via Bloomberg, INSEAD Knowledge, Goldman Sachs and the financial press (2025-2026).
• International Energy Agency (IEA), data center consumption.
• IAEA, data centers and nuclear energy: https://www.iaea.org/fr
• IFRI, "AI, data centers and energy" (2025): https://www.ifri.org/
• Observatoire de l'industrie électrique, an overview of data centers: https://observatoire-electricite.fr/
• Uptime Institute (via CIO-online), the data center energy crisis from 2026 onward.
• Google, environmental report and estimate of the energy and water cost per AI query (2025).
• Reports on the water consumption of data centers in Mexico (the Querétaro region).
• New York State, moratorium on "hyperscale" data centers (July 14, 2026): https://www.governor.ny.gov/news/first-statewide-moratorium-new-hyperscale-data-centers-launched-governor-kathy-hochul
• California, data center laws (September 21, 2026): https://www.gov.ca.gov/2026/09/21/governor-newsom-signs-most-comprehensive-data-center-laws-in-the-nation-providing-communities-more-control-on-water-electricity-and-land-use/
• PJM 2028/2029 capacity auction and the share of data centers: https://www.utilitydive.com/news/pjm-data-centers-capacity-auction-imm-bowring/825626/

AI and blockchain

• D. Vake et al., "Is Open Source the Future of AI? A Data-Driven Approach," Applied Sciences, 2025.
• Critical article "AI-Based Crypto Tokens: The Illusion of Decentralized AI?", arXiv (2025): https://arxiv.org/abs/2505.07828
• Circle, launch of the Arc mainnet (September 2026): https://www.circle.com/pressroom/circle-launches-arc-mainnet-an-economic-operating-system-for-the-internet
• Federal Reserve, proposed rules implementing the GENIUS Act (September 24, 2026): https://www.federalreserve.gov/newsevents/pressreleases/bcreg20260924a.htm

Quantum computing

• Quantum computing (encyclopedia): https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Informatique_quantique
• IBM Newsroom, quantum processors and roadmap (Quantum Developer Conference, Nov. 2025): https://newsroom.ibm.com/
• IBM, claim of quantum advantage (July 30, 2026): https://www.ibm.com/quantum/blog/quantum-advantage, acquisition of HRL Laboratories: https://newsroom.ibm.com/2026-08-26-ibm-completes-acquisition-of-hrl-laboratories-to-accelerate-the-future-of-quantum
• Pasqal, results for the first half of 2026: https://www.pasqal.com/newsroom/pasqal-reports-first-half-2026-financial-results/

Robotics and embodied AI

• Care and companion robots: assistive robotics for the elderly (Paro, presence assistants), the Japanese context, via the specialized press.
• 2025-2026 data on humanoids (Figure, Boston Dynamics, Tesla, Unitree, 1X, Apptronik, UBTECH, XPeng) compiled from the specialized technology press and manufacturers' announcements.
• Unitree, initial public offering in Shanghai (August 19, 2026): https://www.ehangzhou.gov.cn/2026-08/18/c_298718.htm
• Waymo, expansions and safety record (September 2026): https://waymo.com/blog/2026/09/ride-in-denver-san-diego-tampa/ and https://waymo.com/blog/shorts/safetydata-september26/
• Tesla, robotaxis without a safety monitor, the Cybercab and the NHTSA audit (September 2026), via Electrek: https://electrek.co/2026/09/04/tesla-cybercab-nhtsa-investigation-fmvss-certification/
• Agility Robotics, Digit 5 (September 15, 2026): https://www.therobotreport.com/agilitys-digit-5-humanoid-has-new-legs-batteries-safety-upgrades/ ; https://www.robotics247.com/article/agility-robotics-debuts-digit-5-humanoid-robot-for-cooperatively-safe-work-at-scale
• Black Forest Labs, FLUX-mimic (July 23, 2026) and FLUX 3 Action (September 23, 2026): https://bfl.ai/blog/flux-3-mimic ; https://bfl.ai/blog/flux-3-action
• Sam Altman on an OpenAI humanoid robot (the "Sources" podcast, September 2026): https://sources.news/p/introducing-the-sources-podcast-with ; https://humanoid.guide/?p=17794

Agents, the ecosystem and the "internet of agents"

• Moltbook (a social network for AI agents), open source autonomous agents (OpenClaw, Hermes Agent) and coding agents (Claude Code, Codex, Gemini CLI): coverage from the technology press (NPR, NBC News, CNBC, The Economist, MIT Technology Review) and encyclopedic entries, supplemented by security advisories (CNCERT, 404 Media, Wiz).
• Hermes Agent, Nous Research: https://hermes-agent.org/
• Agentic commerce: agent-based payment protocols (OpenAI and Stripe's Agentic Commerce Protocol, Google's Universal Commerce Protocol, Visa Intelligent Commerce, Mastercard Agent Pay), via the business press and the players' own announcements (2025-2026).
• The landscape of players (additional material): Perplexity (answer engine, the Comet browser, disputes with publishers and Amazon), domain specialists (Cohere, AI21, Databricks, Snowflake, Stability AI, ElevenLabs, Runway, Pika, Luma, Character.AI, Cursor, Cognition/Devin, Manus), inference chips (Groq, Cerebras, SambaNova), via the specialized press and the players' own announcements (2025-2026).
• Moltbook (encyclopedic entry): https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moltbook
• Model Context Protocol, specification of July 28, 2026: https://blog.modelcontextprotocol.io/posts/2026-07-28/
• Meta, the Muse agent (September 8, 2026): https://about.fb.com/news/2026/09/introducing-muse-personal-ai-agent/, payments via Link: https://stripe.com/newsroom/news/stripe-helps-meta-muse-shop-with-link
• OpenAI, "Dots" agents (DevDay, September 2026), via TechCrunch: https://techcrunch.com/2026/09/29/openai-launches-dots-its-bubbly-agentic-avatar/
• Models of summer 2026: Anthropic (https://www.anthropic.com/news/claude-opus-5-5, https://www.anthropic.com/claude-fable-and-mythos-5-1), Google (https://ai.google.dev/gemini-api/docs/changelog), SpaceXAI (https://docs.x.ai/developers/release-notes), DeepSeek (https://api-docs.deepseek.com/updates/), OpenAI GPT-6 via the press (VentureBeat, Unite.AI) and encyclopedic entries.
• World Labs, the Atlas model (September 1, 2026), via SiliconANGLE and The Decoder.
• Google DeepMind, leadership change and departure of Jeff Dean (August 5, 2026): https://blog.google/company-news/inside-google/message-ceo/next-chapter-ai-momentum/ ; https://engadget.com/2231124/google-deepmind-ceo-demis-hassabis-is-stepping-down-but-will-remain-with-the-company/
• OpenAI, ChatGPT audience and advertising (July-August 2026), via AFP, Bloomberg and the specialized press: https://www.b360nepal.com/detail/29544/openai-says-has-more-than-1-billion-active-users ; https://news.bloomberglaw.com/artificial-intelligence/openai-has-more-than-1-billion-users-2-million-businesses ; https://ppc.land/openais-david-dugan-says-chatgpt-ads-passed-a-1bn-run-rate/
• OpenAI, retirement of the video API and the Sora 2 models (September 24, 2026): https://developers.openai.com/api/docs/deprecations ; https://help.make.com/openai-sora-and-video-modules-deprecation-by-september-24-2026

Science and health

• Scientific integrity in the age of AI: undeclared AI-written articles, "paper mills," and the strain on peer review, via the scientific press (Nature, Science).
• AI for the environment and biodiversity: species monitoring (camera traps, bioacoustics), forest and ocean surveillance, via the scientific press and conservation organizations.
• Isomorphic Labs: https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isomorphic_Labs and https://www.isomorphiclabs.com/
• Google DeepMind, AlphaFold: https://deepmind.google/science/alphafold/
• A. Esteva et al., "A guide to deep learning in healthcare," Nature Medicine, 2019.
• AI for nuclear power and fusion: IAEA programs (the "AI for Fusion" initiative, collaborating centers at Purdue and MIT); AI for particle physics (CERN, analysis of LHC data), via the IAEA and the specialized press.
• Biohacking and the democratization of biology: the case of the personalized mRNA vaccine designed with AI for a dog (Paul Conyngham, 2025-2026), via France Info and the press; biosecurity concerns ("uplift") and laboratories' responsible scaling policies.
• Brain-computer interfaces: Neuralink (the PRIME, VOICE and Blindsight studies) and competitors (Synchron, Precision Neuroscience, Paradromics, Blackrock Neurotech), via the specialized press and the players' own announcements.
• AI and longevity: aging research and longevity biotech (Insilico Medicine, Retro Biosciences, Altos Labs), aging clocks, via the scientific press.
• AI and space: Earth observation, exoplanet detection (Kepler/TESS data), autonomous navigation and the monitoring of orbital debris, via the space agencies (NASA, ESA) and the press.
• Google DeepMind, AlphaGenome Atlas (September 8, 2026): https://blog.google/innovation-and-ai/models-and-research/google-deepmind/alphagenome-atlas/
• "Generative design of bacteriophages with genome language models," Science, August 6, 2026, and biosecurity analyses (Scientific American, Inside Precision Medicine).
• Anthropic, bound on the zeros of the zeta function (August 10, 2026): https://www.anthropic.com/research/riemann-zeta, OpenAI, "Ten advances in mathematics and theoretical computer science": https://openai.com/index/ten-advances-in-mathematics/
• Navier-Stokes and OpenAI's agents (September 8, 2026): https://www.quantamagazine.org/ai-has-solved-one-of-maths-1-million-millennium-prize-problems-20260908/ ; https://openai.com/index/navier-stokes-solution/
• International Mathematical Olympiad 2026: https://www.imo-official.org/editions/2026/
• Insilico Medicine, the GENESIS-IPF-3 phase III trial: https://insilico.com/news/isn1009261-insilico-medicine-doses-first-patient-genesis-ipf-3
• FDA, discussion paper on generative AI-enabled medical devices (August 18, 2026): https://www.fda.gov/news-events/press-announcements/fda-seeks-public-feedback-inform-regulatory-approach-generative-ai-enabled-medical-devices
• The PACMAN plasma control framework, Nuclear Fusion (September 2026): https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/ae7f9d
• Anthropic, the ART enzyme system spotted by Claude agents (September 23, 2026): https://www.anthropic.com/news/claude-discovers-novel-enzyme-system ; https://aa.com.tr/en/science-technology/anthropic-says-claude-discovered-novel-enzyme-system/4067609
• Clinical validation of FDA-authorized AI medical devices, PLOS Digital Health (August 19, 2026): https://journals.plos.org/digitalhealth/article?id=10.1371/journal.pdig.0001597 ; https://www.news-medical.net/news/20260820/Only-three-of-1357-FDA-cleared-AI-devices-tested-patient-outcomes.aspx
• CNRS, "When AI threatens the very foundations of scientific knowledge" (September 7, 2026): https://www.cnrs.fr/en/update/when-ai-threatens-very-foundations-scientific-knowledge
• Education: the study "The Generative AI Learning Penalty" (https://cepr.org/voxeu/columns/generative-ai-learning-penalty-secondary-school); the MIT report on AI in education, via GovTech and Public Sénat; PISA 2025 (https://www.oecd.org/en/about/news/press-releases/2026/09/students-reading-and-mathematics-performance-declined-sharply-across-the-oecd.html); the start of the 2026 school year in France (https://www.education.gouv.fr/la-rentree-scolaire-2026-communication-en-conseil-des-ministres-505564); the New York and Los Angeles moratoriums (https://techpolicy.press/americas-two-largest-school-districts-impose-ai-moratoriums).

Work and the economy

• Stanford Digital Economy Lab (Brynjolfsson, Chandar, Chen), youth employment and AI, "Canaries in the Coal Mine?" (2025, updated August 2026): https://digitaleconomy.stanford.edu/news/canariesaug26/
• INSEE, economic outlook note on employment and AI (March 2026): https://www.insee.fr/
• OECD, the exposure of jobs to AI: https://www.oecd.org/
• M. L. Gray, S. Suri, Ghost Work (2019), on the hidden human labor behind AI.
• Challenger, Gray & Christmas, job cuts reports (July and August 2026): https://www.challengergray.com/blog/challenger-report-august-job-cuts-up-58-consumer-products-food-lead/
• Federal Reserve Bank of New York, survey on AI in businesses (September 2026): https://libertystreeteconomics.newyorkfed.org/2026/09/businesses-are-using-ai-to-transform-work-not-cut-jobs/

Law, defense and society

• Persuasion by AI: F. Salvi et al., "On the conversational persuasiveness of GPT-4," Nature Human Behaviour, 2025 (preregistered study).
• Linguistic diversity and the Global South: the uneven performance of models across languages, low-resource languages and the digital divide, via research and the specialized press.
• Copyright and AI rulings and lawsuits (Bartz v. Anthropic; Kadrey v. Meta; the consolidated cases against OpenAI; Disney and Universal v. Midjourney), via the legal and general press.
• Lawsuits and settlements over AI-generated music (RIAA v. Suno and Udio; the UMG-Udio and Warner-Suno agreements; GEMA v. Suno), via the specialized and legal press.
• Coalition for Content Provenance and Authenticity (C2PA), content provenance: https://c2pa.org/
• United Nations, group of experts on lethal autonomous weapons systems (Geneva).
• AI and defense: the integration of AI models into military systems via Palantir (Maven); Pentagon contracts with Anthropic, OpenAI, Google and xAI (2025-2026) and the dispute over military uses, via the press (Washington Post, Axios) and encyclopedic entries.
• Bartz v. Anthropic, final approval of the settlement (July 20, 2026), via TechCrunch and NPR.
• GEMA v. Suno, Munich I Regional Court (July 31, 2026), the court's press release: https://www.justiz.bayern.de/gerichte-und-behoerden/landgericht/muenchen-1/presse/2026/16.php
• Statement of interest by the US Department of Justice in the litigation against OpenAI (September 1, 2026), via the New York Times and Politico.
• MPA and ByteDance, memorandum of understanding on intellectual property (August 17, 2026): https://newsroom.tiktok.com/en-us/mpa-and-bytedance-announce-global-agreement-to-protect-intellectual-property-on-ai-video-and-image-generation-models
• Generated music: Spotify's "AI Persona" badge (August 11, 2026) and the ARIA chart rules (August 2026): https://newsroom.spotify.com/2026-08-11/ai-persona-badges-transparency/ ; https://mediaweek.com.au/aria-rules-wholly-ai-generated-music-ineligible-for-charts ; https://stereogum.com/2509333/australia-bans-ai-generated-songs-from-music-charts/news
• France Travail, tool for targeting inspections (revealed on July 20, 2026): https://www.laquadrature.net/2026/07/20/france-travail-deploie-un-outil-de-profilage-algorithmique-a-des-fins-de-controle/
• AI companions: Chinese measures in force as of July 15, 2026 (Latham & Watkins analysis, https://www.lw.com/en/insights/china-introduces-rules-for-ai-companion-and-emotional-interaction-services); California's SB 1119 law (https://www.gov.ca.gov/2026/09/10/governor-newsom-signs-the-strongest-child-safety-chatbot-and-social-media-laws-in-the-nation/).
• Cybersecurity: Fable 5.1 and Mythos 5.1 (https://www.anthropic.com/claude-fable-and-mythos-5-1); the Cyber Jailbreak Severity scale (https://www.anthropic.com/news/fable-safeguards-jailbreak-framework); Dream's report on a multi-agent attack (https://dreamgroup.com/blog/inside-a-multi-agent-ai-framework-used-to-compromise-government-entities-in-asia); ENISA's access to Mythos 5, via Techzine and Le Figaro.
• Defense: the Anthropic / Pentagon dispute, rulings of August 27 and September 25, 2026 (https://breakingdefense.com/2026/09/dc-circuit-panel-upholds-pentagons-ban-on-anthropic-so-what-comes-next/); the New York Times investigation into the Zaporizhzhia strike (August 24, 2026), summarized by Meduza; the final report of the Geneva group of experts, via Stop Killer Robots (https://www.stopkillerrobots.org/news/nothing-less-than-negotiations/).

Philosophy of AI

• Model welfare: Anthropic's program ("Exploring model welfare"), the "Taking AI Welfare Seriously" report (Sebo, Chalmers et al.) and its critics (Mustafa Suleyman), via the labs and the press.
• John Searle, the "Chinese room" argument (1980).
• David Chalmers, on the "hard problem of consciousness" (1995).
• E. Bender, T. Gebru et al., "On the Dangers of Stochastic Parrots," FAccT, 2021.
• Mustafa Suleyman, "A warning about 'model welfare'" (September 16, 2026): https://mustafa-suleyman.ai/a-warning-about-model-welfare

Public debate and French voices

• Luc Julia, L'intelligence artificielle n'existe pas (First, 2019) and IA, génératives, pas créatives (Le Cherche Midi, 2025); critical analyses (Association française pour l'information scientifique).
• Laurent Alexandre, La Guerre des intelligences (2017).
• Laurent Alexandre and Olivier Babeau, Ne faites plus d'études. Apprendre autrement à l'ère de l'IA (Buchet-Chastel, 2025).

Governance and regulation

• Regulation (EU) 2024/1689 on AI, official portal: https://artificialintelligenceact.eu/fr/
• Direction générale des entreprises (France), an overview of the regulation: https://www.entreprises.gouv.fr/
• European Commission, European AI Office.
• International AI summits: Bletchley Park (2023), Seoul (2024), the AI Action Summit in Paris (February 2025), New Delhi (February 2026); encyclopedic entries and official sites (diplomatie.gouv.fr).
• "L'IA avec nous," Hauts-de-France Region (Lille, June 2026): https://ia-avecnous.fr/
• Cybersecurity and frontier models: the Glasswing project (April 2026, https://www.anthropic.com/glasswing) and the export control directive suspending access to Fable 5 and Mythos 5 (June 2026), then the redeployment after the controls were lifted (https://www.anthropic.com/news/redeploying-fable-5, July 2026), via the press (Fortune, Al Jazeera, The Conversation, Quartz) and analyses from law firms.
• Regulation (EU) 2026/1744 (the "Digital Omnibus" on AI), Council press release: https://www.eeas.europa.eu/delegations/chile/artificial-intelligence-council-gives-final-green-light-simplify-and-streamline-rules_en, the Commission's AI Act service desk: https://ai-act-service-desk.ec.europa.eu/en/faq
• European AI Office, first requests for information (August-September 2026): https://agenceurope.eu/en/bulletin/article/13929/31/european-commission-sends-first-requests-for-information-to-more-than-30-ai-providers
• European Commission, designation of ChatGPT under the DSA (August 31, 2026): https://digital-strategy.ec.europa.eu/en/news/commission-designates-chatgpt-reddit-roblox-under-digital-services-act
• California, the SB 813 and AB 1405 laws (September 9, 2026) and Executive Order N-9-26 (September 18, 2026): https://www.gov.ca.gov/2026/09/09/governor-newsom-signs-first-in-the-nation-ai-safeguards-to-protect-californians-calls-on-the-federal-government-to-do-its-part/
• White House, voluntary agreement on superintelligence (September 29, 2026): https://www.whitehouse.gov/fact-sheets/2026/09/fact-sheet-president-donald-j-trump-inaugurates-the-era-of-super-intelligence/
• UN Global Dialogue on AI Governance (Geneva, July 6-7, 2026): https://www.eeas.europa.eu/delegations/un-geneva/global-dialogue-artificial-intelligence-governance-eu-statement_en, and the declaration of September 21, 2026 on an international oversight body, via Al Jazeera, Le Monde Informatique and Les Échos; the US-China channel on AI incidents, via Al Jazeera and RFI.
• Financial Conduct Authority (United Kingdom), "Frontier AI and Cyber Resilience" review (September 2, 2026): https://www.fca.org.uk/publications/multi-firm-reviews/frontier-ai-cyber-resilience ; https://www.regulationtomorrow.com/2026/09/fca-multi-firm-frontier-ai-and-cyber-resilience/

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End of the course. This document is intended as a reference companion: it can be read chapter by chapter, or consulted selectively via the table of contents and the glossary. As the field moves quickly, the most time-sensitive elements (models, figures, players) will benefit from periodic updating.